AP Lang/ American Lit: Research Post 3 2/6/13

Thursday, February 7, 2013

Research Post 3 2/6/13

Upload your pro and con argument points.

Post your working thesis and explain how the evidence you have collected thus far supports your. Explain each set of evidence separately.

Describe the additional evidence you will need to find in order to thoroughly support your thesis with multiple evidence and perspectives.

Comment on the thesis and rearch explanations of at least 2 classmates.
Give a thoughtful response to at least one student who commented on your work.
Be prepared to conference with me next class on your working thesis and your plan for your research.

108 comments:

UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 6:52 PM
Con:
And the two-party system has not just narrowed our choices, it's narrowed our thinking. It has deeply infected our political discourse, our media, and our politicians. To paraphrase Einstein, the problems we are facing today cannot be solved by the same level of thinking that created them... Democrats and Republicans need something to spice it up. They need to go on Craigslist and find a third party.--Arianna Huffington) co-founder and editor-in-chief of HuffingtonPost ,” Debating the Two Party System,” www.huffingtonpost.com, posted February 18th, 2011; February 3rd,2013.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/arianna-huffington/debating-the-twoparty-sys_b_824973.html)

This is a political perspective which brings out the logical side of the two party, for example emphasizing that narrowness of choices and the oversimplification of the system, which leads to a complex issue of misinterpretation of what citizens expect out of their government. This piece of evidence will allow me to present a logical solution to the issue, whereas other pieces of information merely add to a call to action.

Two party systems are based on the pluarality system which allows the winner to be the person who get the most votes even if he or she does not get the majority of the votes.--James Q. Wilson, John J. Dilulio Jr American Government Ninth Edition 2004 p. 171-175

This piece of evidence is a historical perspective. It comes directly from a textbook and therefore holds a “teaching use”. Which can be used as a counterargument when confronted with the issue of why students don’t change it. This piece of evidence will be used a personal experience and will be useful because I want my argument to be well rounded and complete, where I not only bring aspects of logic and ethos, but also incorporate my own experience in order to make a thorough and informed argument.

PRO :

Others counter that, while the two-party system has its faults, it arose organically and has a long history of getting things done in the United States. And, they say, the system is broad-based and does allow room for independents and third-party candidates.--- NPR Staff, Is The Two Party System Making The U.S. Ungovernable, www.npr.org, posted February 21, 2011; February 1,2013 http://www.npr.org/2011/02/17/133838193/is-the-two-party-system-making-u-s-ungovernable )

“Though there have been periods of bitter dissent, most of the time most citizens have agreed enough to permit them to come together into two broad coaltitions.” --- James Q. Wilson, John J. Dilulio Jr American Government Ninth Edition 2004 p. 171-175

These are social, political and historical perspectives because they are able to demonstrate all problems that I will be arguing against and for. It also acts as a counterargument because it describes the two party system as “organic.” It also states that it is broad based and allows third parties to persevere, whereas the piece of evidence from truth-out.org. describes just the opposite.

“ They want leaders, not politicians, who are committed to the challenges of average people to put a roof over their head and food on their table. They want proof that their leaders are acting for the greater common good and simply out of greed or lust for power.” -- Jesse Ventura “ No More Gangs In Government”

This piece of evidence is social because Ventura is speaking for the wants of the people and what they should expect from their government. This piece of evidence will be helpful when determining which arguments will be more credible, because Ventura may not be the best source for the argument.

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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 6:53 PM
TENTATIVE THESIS :

Representative democracy is not the purest form of democracy. Its meticulous entanglements with two dominant parties, the Democrats and the Republicans, shift the focus of the needs of its constituents towards the centralization of power found within these two parties. Representative democracy does not embody a government of the people by depriving government from any ideological shift and straying away from the government that best represents the change of political culture in the United States.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 8:02 PM
Working THESIS:

It is evident through the existence of censorship of media all around us, such as television, films, and video games, that today's society is a defensive one. Parents don't want their kids watching things that are going to damage their minds. Unfortunately, this rule also applies to books as well. But who's to decide whether 'controversial' literature is smut? Most often, the most controversial of books is the one that opens a person's mind the most and introduces them to all kinds of new ideas. Censorship shouldn't hold kids, or anyone, from being able to expand their mind just because the books they want to read are condemned because of a few fearful people.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 8:22 PM
CON

1)"One of the most common health issues that is faced by most individuals, adults and children alike, addicted to playing video games is obesity. Addicted gamers often face this problem because they tend to sit in one place for a long time and hence their body practically misses out on any kind of physical activity. Being overweight may increase the risk of developing other ailments in the long run such as high levels of cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension and so on."
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-video-games.html

2)"It is well established that spending longer hours playing video games is linked with poorer school performance for both children and adolescents(Anderson et al, 2007; Chan & Rabinowitz, 2006; Chiu et al, 2004;Cordes & Miller, 2000; Gentile, 2009; Gentile et al, 2004; Sharif & Sargent,2006). One explanation for this is a simple displacement of time – hours spent playing video games eats into time that would normally be spentstudying and reading. For example, in a study of 1491 youth between 10 and 19, gamers spent 30 per cent less time reading and 34 per centless time doing homework (Cummings & Vandewater, 2007)."

PRO

3)I actually do research on violent video games. I certainly don't speak for others in the field, some of whom I know will disagree with my perspective, but I do speak from a familiarity with the research and the literature. One meta-analysis of video-game studies, conducted this year [in 2007] by John Sherry, of Michigan State University, found little support for the belief that playing violent games causes aggression. Recently I completed my own meta-analytic review (published in the journal Aggression and Violent Behavior) of 25 violent-game studies and found that publication bias and the use of poor and unstandardized measures of aggression were significant problems for this area of research.My meta-analysis concluded that there was no evidence to support either a causal or correlational relationship between video games and aggressive behavior.

Ferguson, Christopher J. "Video Games Are Not Responsible for People's Violent Actions." Video Games. Ed. Laurie Willis. Detroit:

4)By linking up the individual game-based virtual trainers with large-scale training operations, the Army can have multi-level tiers of virtual training going on, he said.

"The training need that we can service well is the live, multi-player interactions in a distributed fashion," said Chambers. For example, the game could assist the training for National Guard units, which are scattered across a state and throughout the country. "The America's Army product is designed, by its nature, to be Internet-capable and very easy to connect to across the country or around the world. So that allows us to do distributed training and secret training" without having to bring everyone together in one place, he said.

Jean, Grace. "Video Games Are Good Training Tools for the Military." Video Games. Ed. Laurie Willis. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "America's Army: Game Branches Out into Real Combat Training." National Defense (Feb. 2006): 34-36. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2013.

TENTATIVE THESIS:
Video games when played in moderation have the potential to influence gamers positively. However taking into account how many haours the average-american spends playing video games in conjuction with their content, video games result in an increase of aggression, a toll on ones academic success, in addition og harming ones health. More harm is caused by video games than good.
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Clarissa CervantesFebruary 7, 2013 at 8:31 PM
Opponent:

(1) “Excessive alcohol consumption contributes to more than 4,600 deaths among underage youth, that is, persons less than 21 years of age, in the United States each year.”

“Alcohol and Public Health: CDC Quick Stats on Age 21 Minimum Legal Drinking Age.” CDC. 3 September 2008. www.cdc.gov/print.do?url=http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/quickstat; citing, “Alcohol Related Disease Impact (ARDI),” CDC. September 3, 2008.

(2) “This statistic does not account for the number of alcohol-related injuries that don’t result in death, but cause personal injuries and property damage. Neither does it account for the many health and social problems such as physical fighting, academic failure, risky sexual activity, unintended pregnancy, STD and HIV infection, illicit drug use, smoking, and physical and sexual assault attributed to underage drinking. In addition, alcohol poisoning caused 157 deaths among persons ages 18 to 23 between 1999 and 2005, 83 of which occurred in persons under the legal drinking age of 21.”

U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. “The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking.” U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2007. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov 10-11; “Alcohol and Public Health: CDC Quick Stats on Age 21 Minimum Legal Drinking Age.” CDC. 3 September 2008.

Proponent:

"Higher traffic accident and fatality rates occur during the first few years of legal drinking regardless of age. In 2009, the 21- to 24-year-old age group had the highest percentage of drivers in fatal crashes with blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) levels of .08 or higher – 35 percent. Any increase in traffic accidents or fatalities in 18- to 20-year-olds would be offset by a decrease for those 21 and older."

Peter Asch and David T. Levy, "Young Driver Fatalities: The Roles of Drinking Age and Drinking Experience," Southern Economic Journal, Oct. 1990

Thesis:

Eighteen is the age where adolescents morph into something else without physically changing. They are not adults. They are tried as adults, seen as adults, and treated like adults. Turning eighteen means receiving the rights and responsibilities of adulthood to vote, smoke cigarettes, serve on juries, get married, sign contracts, be prosecuted as adults, and join the military. Adults should get to choose what they do or do not do, whether they smoke or don’t smoke, whether they drink or don’t drink. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 not to bring more vices into the lives of new adults, but to give them the trust of having such a big responsibility that, if not used correctly, can bring great consequences. Just as eighteen year old men have to sign up for the draft and eighteen years olds in general have the right to smoke, alcohol should be a choice and not a taboo topic left to the judgement of a 21-year old mind.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 8:33 PM
(Proponents Arguments)
•"Certainly, most Americans would say that the shootings at Virginia Tech [in which a student gunman killed 32 people] should never, ever be forgotten either. But somehow, though school shootings continue, though an average of 32 homicides are committed with guns in the United States each day, though dozens of suspected terrorists are known to have passed background checks to legally purchase guns, the gun-control side cannot gain traction."

Graves, Rachel. "Both Sides of the Gun Debate Would Benefit from Compromise." Is Gun Ownership a Right? Ed. Kelly Doyle. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. At Issue. Rpt. from "Gun Debate Muzzles the Middle Ground." Christian Science Monitor (5 Sept. 2007). Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2013.

•"But since Americans view firearm suicides, murders, and fatal accidents as separate problems, the enormity of America's gun crisis goes unrecognized. In 1990, American guns claimed an estimated 37,000 lives. Federal Bureau of Investigation data shows that gun murders that year reached an all-time high of 15,377; a record 12,489 involved handguns."
• "We recoil in horror and search for explanations, but we never face up to the obvious preventive measure: a ban on the handy killing machines that make crimes so easy.”
•"In 1990 (the most recent year for which statistics are available), 18,885 Americans took their own lives with firearms, and an estimated 13,030 of those deaths involved handguns. Unlike pills, gas, or razor blades—which are of limited effectiveness— guns are rarely forgiving."

Sugarmann, Josh. "Private Ownership Of Handguns Is A Public-Health Hazard." Gun Control. Ed. Tamara L. Roleff. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1997. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2013.

(Opponents Arguments)
•Reasonable people can oppose civilian ownership of machine guns or .50-caliber rifles ... while still supporting hunting and owning guns for self-defense."

Graves, Rachel. "Both Sides of the Gun Debate Would Benefit from Compromise." Is Gun Ownership a Right? Ed. Kelly Doyle. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. At Issue. Rpt. from "Gun Debate Muzzles the Middle Ground." Christian Science Monitor (5 Sept. 2007). Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2013.

•"When asked in that April poll to choose a "primary cause of gun violence, far more Americans blamed the effects of popular culture (40 percent) or the way parents raise their children (35 percent) than the availability of guns (18 percent). In no population does more than about a fourth cite the availability of guns as the chief cause of violence."
•"A nation's cultural morality is more likely to predict its rate of gun crime than its gun laws. Gun-control advocates often cite countries such as Japan, which has little gun violence, to defend the success of gun-control laws."
•"Japanese youth have become increasingly exposed to foreign influences, the violent crime rate has begun to climb. If the high rate of gun violence in the United States is indeed a reflection of its culture, banning guns will not protect Americans; it will only leave them unarmed."

Williamsen, Kurt. "A Weak Cultural Morality Can Be Blamed for Gun Crime." Guns and Crime. Ed. Tamara L. Roleff. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. At Issue. Rpt. from "Beyond the Gun-Control Debate." The New American 23 (28 May 2007): 17-21. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2013.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 8:34 PM
(Tentative Thesis)

If gun control is regulated, then America's death rate will eventually decrease. Access to firearms makes killing easy, efficient, and impersonal. Josh Sugarmann, the Executive Director of the Violence Policy Center stated, "We recoil in horror and search for explanations, but we never face up to the obvious preventive measure: a ban on the handy killing machines that make crimes so easy.”Allowing untrained people to carry guns puts others at risk and it can result in self-inflicting injuries both by suicide and unintentional incidents. Gun violence in America kills more than 30,000 and injures almost 70,000 each year. Guns can be misused and abused, which is why gun control is needed. Gun control is government regulation of the manufacture, sale, and possession of firearms. Gun control can limit the access of criminals getting their hands on firearms, which will lead to the decrease of violent crime.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 8:35 PM
Working Thesis:
Junk food and soft drinks are both of the very low nutrition. Junk food is one of the leading causes for the 32 percent of children that are obese and overweight in the United States. Because of this taxes on junk food and soft drinks should be increased. This would not only improve the health of people, but also allow for healthier food to be of a lower price.

Pro:
Taxes on food high in salt, fat and sugar should be introduced along with subsidies for fruit and vegetables, cuts in salt and fat in processed food and clear food labeling are needed, the group from the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation said. Writing in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, the group said 50 per cent of cardiovascular deaths could be prevented with these changes. In Britain that would mean around 100,000 deaths a year could be avoided.

-"Fat tax on junk food and advertising restrictions could save 100,000 lives a year: experts; Half of all heart and stroke deaths could be avoided with higher tax on junk food, advertising restrictions and subsides for fruit and vegetables, experts have said." Telegraph Online 25 July 2012. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2013.

Con:
-For example, a U.S. study found a 35 percent tax on sugar-sweetened drinks -- $0.45 per drink -- led to a 26 percent decline in sales, the researchers said.

-"Food fat tax would have to be 20 percent." UPI NewsTrack 18 May 2012. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2013.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 8:47 PM
PRO:

The highest three rated outcomes of gap years is that of gaining "a better sense of who I am as a person and what is important to me" followed by "gave me a better understanding of other countries, people, cultures, and ways of living" and "provided me with additional skills and knowledge that contributed to my career or academic major."
"Data & Gap Year Benefits." Gap Year Data. American Gap Association, n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2013.

This piece of evidence will enhance the question on why students should take a gap year and the benefits they would receive themselves. This evidence is also psychological and social. Psychological because when the student takes the benefit of a gap year, they have a better understanding of where they stand in life and who they are as a person. Social because it has to do with the better of their lives. How they would be in future because of it.

Colleges in the U.S. and Great Britain are encouraging students to take a gap year in their academic careers in order to mature emotionally and intellectually before beginning their first semester of university life. This enables new high school graduates to take time to travel, work, and study abroad before experiencing the rigors of college.
"Students 'gapping' college career." USA Today [Magazine] May 2004: 7. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2013.

The evidence is social because it says that gap years are also being take place in other nations and the U.S, so mostly everyone is involved. This evidence would be helpful because it says specificall how takin a gap year can effect and affect a student.

Karl Haigler and Rae Nelson, the husband and wife who wrote The Gap Year Advantage, say they interviewed 280 gappers for their upcoming book, Gap Year, American Style, and found that 90 percent of them did go on to college.

Grose, Thomas K. "The Lure of the Gap Year." US News. U.S.News & World Report, 16 Aug. 2010. Web. 05 Feb. 2013.

This evidence would be helpful because it would give my arguments some credibility because it has numbers and these numbers came from an actual survey that was made, so there should be no flaws.

CON:

Students who do not work rely on their parents for money, especially if they want to travel.Many parents should expect to pay around $15,000 to $20,000 to cover a student's gap year.

Grose, Thomas K. "The Lure of the Gap Year." US News. U.S.News & World Report, 16 Aug. 2010. Web. 05 Feb. 2013.

This type of evidence is economical. I will utilize it when I am trying to do a counter argument. There might be many beneficial benefits for doing a gap year, but those students who are financially dependent on their parents will see how much they are going to expect to pay

Students who fail to develop important habits, tend to lose focus easier and fall out of the academic routine.

Purnell, Hannah. "The Gap Year." The Gap YearWeighing the Pros and Cons of Taking Time off Before College. CollegeView, n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2013.

This evidence will help me with my essay because it will be used as a counterargument. It will be used as a counterargument because, yes some students do take a gap year so they can take away the stress they had during yet there are those who do nothing during this year and they lose they academic skills.

THESIS:
The “gap year” has been a common rite of passage in many foreign countries for decades, but it has now started to gain significant steam here in America. This leads to many questions that parents and students want answered, such as: “Is the “gap year” a good or bad consideration?” “Will this decision put me behind?” “Does this stop me from ever going to college?” “Will I ever get my college degree?” All of these questions have can be answered, all depending on the person and their determination.

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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 9:03 PM
"Since its passage in 1972, Title IX has been the main catalyst behind secondary school and college athletics programs creating more athletic opportunities for females. Title IX requires institutions receiving federal funding to provide equitable resources and opportunities for women in a nondiscriminatory way."
HOLDSWORTH, JANET M., and JANET M. HOLDSWORTH. "Title IX." Encyclopedia of Education. Ed. James W. Guthrie. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 2569-2573. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 5 Feb. 2013

This piece of evidence explains the effect Title IX has had on the opportunities for women in high school and collegiate sports. It also demonstrates that Title IX was meant to provide opportunities to women in a that was not discriminatory towards men.

By threatening schools with the loss of federal funds if they do not offer equal athletic opportunities to both sexes, Title IX has generated explosive growth in the number of women participating in competitive sports, including an 847% rise at the high school level.
Mervis, Jeffrey. "Can equality in sports be repeated in the lab? A 30-year-old federal education law caused participation in sports by women to skyrocket. Can it do the same thing for science? (Women In Science)." Science 298.5592 (2002): 356. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 5 Feb. 2013.

This evidence provides ethos because it is a statistic which demonstrates the actual effect Title IX has had on the participation of women in sports. The statistic shows Title IX has indeed raised the participation especially at a high school level.

Title IX ensures equality for our young people in every aspect of their education. It's a springboard for success: it's thanks in part to legislation like Title IX that more women graduate from college prepared to work in a much broader range of fields, including engineering and technology.
Obama, Barack. "Entitled to a Fair Shot." Newsweek 9 July 2012: 10. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 5 Feb. 2013.

This quote was given directly by the president about the benefits of Title IX. It serves to portray another purpose of Title IX, which is to provide equality for women in education. The president supports Title IX because it has enable more women to graduate from male dominated fields.

In a nation study conducted in 2008, it was shown that 98.8% of NCCA schools offered women's basketball, 95.7% offered women's volleyball, and 92% offered women's soccer.
"The Percentage of NCAA Schools Offering the Most Popular Women's Sports." Girls and Sports. Ed. Karen Miller. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 5 Feb. 2013.

The statistics illuminate the growing effect Title IX has on the participation of women in sports. Since it was passed, the number of sports made availiable to women by NCAA schools has increased.

"Women won two-thirds of the U.S. team's golds and nearly 60 percent of the overall medals, not only offering a jubilant plug for Girl Power, but also propelling the United States back to the top of both the overall medal table and the gold-medal table..."
Shipley, Amy. "Women Set Pace in U.S. Olympic Triumph." Washington Post 12 Aug. 2012. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2013.

This piece of evidence illustrates the achievements that were possible because of Title IX. The involvement of women has not only increased in the Olympics, but also a large percentage of the gold medals can be attributed to their participation.

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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 9:04 PM
"Consider this: If there were no Title IX, there would be no women's national soccer team, nor college scholarships for the female stars of the U.S. Olympic swimming and track and field teams, among many others. We might never have heard of Abby Wambach, Natalie Coughlin or Allyson Felix."
Brennan, Christine. "Games showing Title IX at work." USA Today 26 July 2012: 03C. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2013.

Without the passage of Title IX the influential women we see in sports today would have not existed. Females would have been left with no role models or motivation that they could succeed in sports just as men were successful.
"We desperately need to reform Title IX's regulations so they are consistent with the language of the law. The proportionality standard serves to protect only the interests of the majority sex on college campuses while ignoring the constitutional right of the minority sex to have equal protection of the law."
"Title IX shuts out boys; Law helping girls into college sports enables discrimination." Washington Times [Washington, DC] 25 June 2012: B04. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2013.

This piece of evidence demonstrates the negative aspect of Title IX. It suggests that Title IX does not offer equality, but gives women an unfair advantage over men. The men's interests are left unprotected because they are considered the minority sex.
"While women have enjoyed significant gains, the unintended consequences of Title IX have contributed to the elimination of more than 800 men's teams in the past two decades."
"Has Title IX's quest for equality gone too far? Title IX was designed to ensure equal opportunities for girls in school sports, but some say it has unintentionally hurt boys' teams. (Opinion)." New York Times Upfront 18 Apr. 2003: 21. General OneFile. Web. 3 Feb. 2013.

While Title IX was originally intended to create opportunities for women, it also had consequences that were not intended. By providing women with benefits in sports, men's sports suffered. A large amount of men's teams were cut because the number of women's team increased.

Thesis:
Title IX has been condemned as a discriminatory act in disguise; it has been unrightfully accused of providing advantages to females at the expense of males. However, it was created with the purpose to expand the possibilities of success for women in male dominated areas.
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Amanda DavisFebruary 7, 2013 at 9:10 PM
Cons:
- (Social Perspective?) "In their daily lives, males and females regularly interact both socially as well as professionally. When students attend single-gender schools, they become limited in their abilities to successfully interact with members of the opposite sex. This may promote an inability to understand each other, thereby increasing negative future interactions.
In upper elementary and middle school, girls often develop and mature more quickly than boys. Boys may develop some maturity as a result of observing and working with girls. Small amounts of competition spur each group to do better academically. Without some competition and observation, male students may lose out on increased academic and emotional growth."

- "...the demand for admission is more competitive than at other types of schools, according to an article by Richard Harker in the June 2000 issue of the "British Journal of Sociology of Education." This demand raises the tuition fees. As a result, girls and boys from lower-income families have less of a chance of acceptance than those from moneyed families."

Bollin, Penny. "The Disadvantages of Single Gender Education Schools." Demand Media. N.p., 17 Feb. 2011. Web. 07 Feb. 2013.

Pros:
- "Wayne Commeford, who was then principal of James Lyng High School in Montreal Quebec... told us how the pregnancy rate at his high school plummeted after Mr. Commeford reinvented the school as a dual academy with girls and boys separate for all classes. The rate dropped from about 15 girls a year to about 1 or 2 per year. We have heard similar stories from other administrators..."

Working Thesis:
As single-sex schools become more common, education system should begin to realize that, yes it benefits students' grades, but it does not benefit their futures. Because students are separated from their opposite sex, they become unaware and possibly unable to handle difficult situations with them when the time comes. Separating boys and girls for the sole purpose of increasing test scores only benefits those school they attend.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 9:32 PM
Working Thesis
Marriage is a custom that has been maintained throughout various civilizations for centuries. It still stands in our society, to this day. Today, however, it is often restricted to man and woman. This is in direct contradiction to its previous liberties; Marriage, in the past, has been allowed between a man and a man, or a woman and a woman. There's no plausible reason it shouldn't be that way today. In today’s world, same sex marriage is seen and an abomination to society with disastrous effects on the minds of people. Not taking into consideration the positive effects that the legalization of gay marriage can have on society, society itself has isolated itself from the positive effects of same sex marriage and drenched itself with the negative.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 9:47 PM
thesis:
The Selective Service, is where male US citizen from the ages of 18-25 has to by law enlist in the military. This program has been around since "1917" and last re-erected by the Carter administration in "1980." The forcing to enlist in military service should by a choice not law. Not only is a draft unnecessary, but the thought of many parents, having to live with that fear that their son mind wind up in a foreign country, and possibly die is gut wrenching. Republican Representative Mike Coffman expressed his feelings and remarked that it is "wasting money." Later adding that the removal of this program is not going to be "quick and easy." Drafting soldiers is immoral since it is taking young men, who are just beginning to be on their own, to hostile, and dangerous territory to fight for something they might not even care about.

Pro
- The Selective Service is sapping money. A draft has not been used since Vietnam, and should not be since the US is the top military spender on the UN's security counsel which includes the likes of China, Great Britain, Russia, and France; whom are all permanent members and powerful economies of the world.

Coffman, Mike. "I still believe we are wasting money on the Selective Service." Hill 9 May 2011: 20. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 8 Feb. 2013.

http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/NewsDetailsPage/NewsDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SUIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=News&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA256685295

Con
* could not really find any
will publish if found any
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 9:49 PM
Opponents:

Sexism in Video Games [Study]: There Is Sexism in Gaming

http://blog.pricecharting.com/2012/09/emilyami-sexism-in-video-games-study.html

by: Emily Matthew

"When asked if they had ever been the subject of 'sex-based taunting, harassment, or threats while playing video games online,' 35.2% of participants said yes and 61.3% of participants said no."

"35.8% of women reported having quit playing temporarily because of sexism, and 9.6% reported that they quit playing a certain game permanently because of harassment."

“67.5% of women said that they had obscured their sex. Only 5.8% of men said the same. That means that women are nearly 12 times as likely to feel the need to conceal their sex while playing video games as men are."

"When asked if they had ever avoided playing on a public server to avoid being a target of sexism, 50.6% of female respondents and 10.3% of male respondents said that they had."

"Similarly, when asked if they had ever had their gaming taste, ability, or skill questioned because of their gender, 77.8% of women said that they had (compared to 6.4% of men)."

"Occasionally, women in gaming are labeled as something like “attention whores.” The woman who plays video games for attention or uses her sex for special treatment while playing is a common stereotype in the gaming community. "

"When they were asked if they had ever participated in sexist behavior and comments, only 9.4% of participants said “yes,” with 10.6% of men and 7.3% of women giving this answer. Men were only 3.3% more likely to exhibit sexism – a number within the margin of error."

^This quote proves that much of this information is opinion based and might be unreliable. However, much of this research can only be studied through opinions rather than facts. Also, most of this research is based around XBox Live rather than videogames.

http://www.pittnews.com/index.php/impulse/70859-violent-video-games-contain-sexism-racism

Racism, sexism more concerning than violence in video games

"Lara Croft ruined all of that, though. And now, with a reboot of the “Tomb Raider” series being released in March, it seems Lara will get back to work soon enough. The new developers of the reboot have been careful to avoid the normal pitfalls of Lara Croft — the comically skinny waist, large breasts and exposed midriff — that plagued the original games."

Proponents:

Lead graphic artist Toby Gard went through about five designs before arriving at the character's final appearance. He initially envisioned a male lead character with a whip and a hat. Core Design co-founder Jeremy Smith characterized the design as derivative of Indiana Jones, and asked for more originality. Gard decided that a female character would work better from a design standpoint. He also claimed a desire to counter stereotypical female characters, which he has characterized as "bimbos" or "dominatrix" types. Smith was sceptical of a female lead at first because few contemporary games featured them. He came to regard a female lead as a great hook and put faith in Gard's idea.Inspired by pop artist Neneh Cherry and comic book character Tank Girl, Gard experimented with different designs, including a muscular woman and a Nazi-like militant He settled on a tough South American woman with a braid named Laura Cruz. -Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Croft

Pre-Thesis: The world is changing constantly, but sexism and gender roles have been engraved in man's brain for such a long time that many times it lives among us without us knowing. Video games, much like life, are inevitably going to contain sexism is some shape or form, but it doesn't necessarily make them sexist. The past three decades have not only shown that there has been progress being made in making gaming less "sexist" but also that most arguments regarding sexism in video games are flawed.

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Anaa_MendozaaFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:07 PM
Thesis:
When considering animal testing the first thoughts are torture, pain and poor animals. But what about the sick child dying from cancer, the man with HIV/AIDS, or even an animal itself dying from heart worms? Every single day thousands of lives affected by cancer, HIV and many other lethal diseases are saved due to the new treatments tested on animals. Animal research has increased the amount of drugs and vaccines that help give people more time to live if not a full healthy life. As medicine is advancing, people can now fight the once incurable diseases that unfortunately kill millions everyday.

Pro arguments summed up:
1)Animals are used under the Animal Welfare Act of 1966. (Which means the places used for biomedical research are under careful watch, they're inspected often to insure that the animals are provided with adequate care.)

2)Human trials are dangerous and are not always useful because there are a lot of things you can't try in a human trial.

3)Animal testing has found immense amounts of drugs and treatments to help improve medicine. (Animal testing has provided new ideas and possibilities for people with diseases that before were considered incurable. Testing on animals is vital if the goal is to better human health.)

Con arguments summed up:
1) Animals are put through pain, distress and a vast majority of the animals die from all the chemicals they are exposed too.

2) Animals react differently from humans. (which means if the drug doesn't harm mice it doesn't mean it can't harm a human.)

3) The products can safely be tested on humans as well.

I still need to look up some more information on how many advances have actually been done, I've read about several but I'd let to get specific stats. Also, I read a lot about noble peace prizes awarded for advancements that were brought up by testing on animals so i'd like to research that some more as well. Another perspective I would like to research is from the point of view of a person who's life was saved after an advance was made through animal testing, this makes it a more personal and emotional point of view. Some additional evidence I can search will be just some more pro and con arguments pointing to Pro-testing as the better option.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:10 PM
Legalizing Industrial Hemp
Pro

For industrial hemp, the generally accepted THC level is one percent or less; for recreational marijuana, the THC level is at least three percent. The physical differences between the two plants are readily apparent. Hemp grows lean and tall with flowers on the canopy; marijuana branches widely with resinous buds on all sides.

Kane, Mari. "The Movement to Legalize Industrial Hemp." Marijuana. Ed. Joseph Tardiff. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Contemporary Issues Companion. Rpt. from "Growing Pains." E/The Environmental Magazine. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Feb. 2013.
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/ViewpointsDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Viewpoints&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010202212&userGroupName=inglewood&jsid=9ae5d3548693d9f1740a49131ab08fc5

Con
Even hemp foods with undetectable THC counts can still contain trace amounts, including your morning bowl of hemp-o's.

Honan, Mathew. "Quick! Hide the cereal!" Mother Jones May-June 2002: 23. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Feb. 2013.
Document URL
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Magazines&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA86047834&userGroupName=inglewood&jsid=ba6f15780f477e494ace3e78153d745a
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:10 PM
Working Thesis:
In a country where global warming is rising at an alarming rate and the economy is struggling through a recession, certain measures must be taken. Legalizing the growth of industrial hemp, a strong and eco-friendly fibre, can be the key factor to our major issues.

EVIDENCE USED-The evidence backing up my thesis are the articles that mentioned the how easy and significantly more eco friendly it is to use industrial hemp compared to our current crops. I also used the article that mentioned how money could be saved if instead of wasting money on importing the industrial hemp, we grow it ourselves which would save a lot of money.

EVIDENCE STILL NEEDED-Considering that my thesis is very vague, I will look into detail in regards to the economy or environmental pro. If I pick something more centered, my thesis will probably be better. I will research a social factor too so I can smoothly add it in as well.
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aremy tapiaFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:11 PM
pro

The SAT got him into Harvard from a small Iowa town. But now, CHARLES MURRAY wants to abolish the test. It’s unnecessary and, worse, a negative force in American life. Richard Atkinson, president of the University of California, proposed dropping the SAT as a requirement for admission. More and more prestigious small colleges, such as Middlebury and Bennington, are making the SAT optional. The charge that the SAT is slanted in favor of privileged children—“a wealth test,” as Harvard law professor Lani Guinier calls it. I have watched the attacks on the SAT with dismay. Back in 1961, the test helped get me into Harvard from a small Iowa town by giving me a way to show that I could compete with applicants from Exeter and Andover.

Murray, Charles. “Abolish the SAT.” The American. 10 Aug. 2007. 07 Feb 2013.

http://www.american.com/archive/2007/july-august-magazine-contents/abolish-the-sat
Ex: This evidence helps support my claim because a man from Harvard, who benefitted from the SAT test, is saying they should be abolished. He has done research and knows that the test is unfair and shows how other school are opening other substitutes like subject test.

On average scores by race and ethnic group, and by family income (with wealthier students, on average, performing better). But as the College Board materials noted, there are also distinct patterns in which groups are to completed the recommended high school curriculum or other measures of advanced academic preparation:
84% of those who took the SAT from families with at least $200,000 in family income completed the core curriculum, but only 65% of those with family income under $20,000 did so.
Jaschik, Scott. “SAT Scores Drop Again.” Inside Higher Ed. 25 Sept. 2012. 07 Feb. 2013
http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/09/25/sat-scores-are-down-and-racial-gaps-remain#ixzz2KHaMJ35S
Ex: This evidence helps show how students who have a higher income will most likely do better on the SAT tests. They have more resources and are better prepared than the low income students.

opponent

SAT scores do not determine college admission. Director of admissions for Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Admissions officers rely on all the elements of your application to paint a picture of you. The biggest factor is your high school record, particularly your willingness to take and ability to succeed in demanding courses.
They also help admissions officers predict your likelihood of succeeding in college.

Lin, Dave. “SAT/ACT Scores and College Admissions.” College View. 11 Feb. 2012. 07 Feb. 2013.
http://www.collegeview.com/articles/article/sat-act-scores-and-college-admissions
Ex: This shows how some colleges don’t take SAT scores as the most important part of making their decision. They also take into consideration grades.

The higher the SAT scores of students, the greater the likelihood that they not only returned for a second year of study but eventually earned a baccalaureate as well," the report said.

Dechter, Gadi. “SAT scores well in predicting college success.” The Baltimore Sun. 11 Jan. 2007. 07 Feb 2013.

http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-01-11/news/0701110042_1_standardized-test-scores-college-success-variables

Ex: SAT scores also help determine how a student might do their freshman year. Students with high SAT scores have shown to return for the next year to college. They had less percentage of drop out rate than students who had lower SAT scores.

Tentative Thesis:
Thousands of students nationwide stress and prepare for SAT tests every year. SAT scores have been known as a crucial part of the admission process into college. However, SAT scores are not distinguished by social class. They are viewed equally in the eyes of the admission offices. Which means that students who are lower income are compared to wealthy kids who took private SAT classes, and students who had more resources than others.

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aremy tapiaFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:12 PM
Evidence Still Needed: I still need to add more statistics. My thesis is just stating facts but if I were to add the statistics it would be more credible.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:21 PM
FOR
1." Abortion is a safe medical procedure. The vast majority of women - 88% - who have an abortion do so in their first trimester. Medical abortions have less than 0.5% risk of serious complications and do not affect a woman's health or future ability to become pregnant or give birth." Meaning that if women perform abortions, they can get pregnant again and eventually give birth to the baby if they desire it. No complications will occur because abortion is done in a safe way in order for a women to have babies in the future.
"Arguments About Abortion Pros and Cons." Abortion Pros and Cons. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2013.
2. "Women who are raped or victims of incest should not be forced to carry out a pregnancy". This means that women who are raped shouldnt be forced to keep their baby because that baby wasn't planned or desired in the first place. If they are forced to have it, the victim will hate the baby.
"10 Arguments in Favor of Pro-Choice Policy - Amplify." Amplify A Project of Advocates for Youth. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2013.

AGAINST
3. "Every human being has the right to live, which should be protected by law, From the moment of conception, the unborn are human beings, The unborn have the right to live, which should be protected by law." This means that even though the baby isn't born yet, they have a right to be protected by the law. Aborting a human life is against the law because even though it is not fully developed in the mothers womb, it already has a heart beat.
"The Humble Libertarian: The Abortion Debate: A Reasoned, Scientific Pro-Life Argument." The Humble Libertarian: The Abortion Debate: A Reasoned, Scientific Pro-Life Argument. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2013.
4. "Having an abortion can cause intense psychological stress and pain. Ending the life of an unborn child is a guilt and a regret many of the women who choose abortion carry their entire life." Meaning that sometimes an abortion can cause you to get emotionally hurt and always carry with a guilt in your conscious; knowing that you could of given that baby the ability to have a better life.
"Pregnancy." Pregnancy Site Wide Activity RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2013.

THESIS:
The case Roe vs Wade in 1973, made abortion legal through out the United States. Throughout the years, abortion has been a topic that has brought many into discussion whether it should be illegal or legal in the United States. For people who argue that it should be legal, they support it because they argue that the mother should not carry a pregnancy in which they do not desire. In the first trimester of the mother's pregnancy, the fetus already has a heart beat. Isn't it right that the baby should have the right to grow up and actually have a family who wants them?
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:21 PM
I really like how you set up the thesis. It doesn't go into too much detail, yet it lets the reader know exactly where you are headed in your essay. I think you are on your way to a good essay
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Brenda GomezFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:23 PM
Violence and sex should be prohibited from television

Proponents:
"Our kids are surrounded by these brutal representations of girls and women, and it is no wonder that women and young girls are the victims of male violence. No wonder that 20% of college girls will be sexually assaulted by guys they know in school. And it is no wonder that boys as young as 14 are capable of raping little girls as young as 11. How else are they to perceive girls if they are inundated daily with images of half-humans, half-living women, looking "sick and sexified," as Kesha's new song ["We R Who We R," 2010] goes.”
DelVecchio, Marina. "Sexualized Violence in the Media Contributes to Violence Against Women." Media Violence. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "The Media's Contribution to Violence Against Women." TheNewAgenda.net. 2011. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.

This evidence explains how kids are exposed to violence and sex on television causing many women and young girls to be victims of male violence.

“Evidence is growing that the fear induced in children by the media is sometimes severe and long-lasting. A survey of more than 2,000 elementary and middle school children revealed that heavy television viewing was associated with self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Watching more than six hours of television a day put children at greater risk for scoring in the clinical range of these trauma symptoms. A survey of nearly 500 parents of elementary school children found that the children who watched television just before bedtime had greater difficulty falling asleep, were more anxious at bedtime, and had higher rates of nightmares. It is difficult to draw firm causal conclusions from these studies, which simply correlate television watching and anxiety, but it seems more likely that heavy watching would trigger fearfulness than that skittish children would seek out television before bedtime.”
Wilson, Barbara J. "Violence in the News Increases Children's Fear and Anxiety." Media Violence. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "Media and Children's Aggression, Fear, and Altruism." The Future of Children Spring 2008. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.

This evidence demonstrates how children are affected by what they watch on television. They will be paranoid if they see something disturbing or will be traumatized. It causes them to have trouble sleeping as well as anxiety and depression.

Facts:
• Children watch on average between two and four hours of television every day;
• The occurrence of violence on television has increased by 75% since 1998 and has increased across the board on all five of the major broadcast networks;
• On average, American youth view more than 1,000 murders, rapes, and assaults each year on television.
• Sadly, by the time our children leave elementary school, they will have seen on average 100,000 acts of violence on television.
The evidence provides statistics of how much television children watch as well as how many murders, rapes, and assaults they watch each year. It also shows that violence on television has increased 75% since 1998.
“When I am home, I meet with West Virginia parents and educators and they have told me that children's behavior is becoming more aggressive and at times crude or explicit, and that they blame television for much of the problem.”
Rockefeller IV, John D. "The Government Should Strictly Regulate Television Violence." Television. Margaret Haerens. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "Impact of Media Violence on Children." U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science & Transportation, 2007. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 6 Feb. 2013.
This evidence provides with a first hand example of how much television influences children’s behavior.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:39 PM
Thesis:
While the United States of America is one of the best countries, it is not the greatest. In fact it is far from the greatest; America needs much improvement economically, politically, and socially. The things that America used to offer to people, such as freedom or opportunity, can now be found elsewhere. America is no longer special or the “greatest country in the world.”

Summation of evidence arguing that America is not the greatest
Statistics that show how far behind America has fallen in all categories in terms of academics, socially, and economically.

Summation of evidence arguing America is the greatest
Viewpoints of different people who have experience the "American Dream"
Arguments that claim America has things no other country can offer such as diversity, economic freedom, and social freedoms.

I still need to look up personal stories about people who have experienced America at its worst. I also want to find a source that has a politician or someone well known and respected who admits that America is not the greatest country to live in.

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Zulema CaballeroFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:45 PM
Proponent
"The harmful effects of second-hand smoke on children are well known. Children are especially vulnerable to tobacco smoke as they breathe faster than adults, meaning they inhale and absorb more pollutants per kilogram of body weight than adults. Proportional to their weight, kids ingest considerable amounts of toxic chemicals that adversely affect their development and that of their respiratory, immune and nervous systems."
National Non-smoking Week: Let's protect our children against second-hand smoke.
The America's Intelligence Wire. Jan 23, 2013 pNA. 7 Feb. 2013

-This evidence shows the detrimental health effects of second-hand smoke on children and why second-hand smoke is more damaging to children's health than it is to adults, and that these children are the reason why they should be protected from public second-hand smoke.

"The number of children admitted to hospital with symptoms of asthma has fallen since the ban on smoking in enclosed public places came into effect, a study has found. Research shows there was a 12.3% fall in admissions in the first year after the law came into place in July 2007, and these have continued to drop in subsequent years."
Asthma cases 'down after smoking ban'. Europe Intelligence Wire. Jan 22, 2013 pNA. 7 Feb. 2013

-This evidence from a study conducted in London by the NHS found that a ban placed on public smoking in enclosed places showed a drop in the number of children with asthma symptoms, which goes to prove the positive effects a smoking ban in public places can have.

Opponent
"Based upon my medical training, my knowledge of proper scientific research, and my review of studies and policy making addressing second hand tobacco smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), I can say with confidence that second hand smoke may irritate some, but it does not kill anyone, anytime and it does not cause disease or death. I say that with reasonable medical certainty or probability. " - Dr. John Dunn
http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/Profile?oid=oid%3A2532927 October 13, 2011: 7 Feb. 2013
-Here, there is evidence from a medical expert in which he claims there is no relation to disease or death and second-hand smoke.

"A 2003 study published in the British Medical Journal found that the relationship between secondhand smoke and lung cancer in non-smokers is just as weak, concluding that "The results do not support a causal relation between environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality, although they do not rule out a small effect."
Cameron English Public Smoking Bans are Bogus: San Francisco Proposes New Anti-Smoking Law July 2012, 7 Feb. 2013
-This evidence shows the correlation between lung cancer and second-hand smoke and it proves that it is weak and possibly are not even cause and effect.

Working Thesis:
The air we breathe is an essential and a necessary part of life. Certain chemicals pollute our air on a daily basis and among those chemicals that come to mind, stands second-hand smoke. The second-hand smoke that comes from individuals making decisions about their own health becomes a part of public air and public health, now posing a threat to the health of others including the most vulnerable, children and those with health conditions.

I will still need to use evidence from the perspective of people who choose to smoke and maybe feel that a public ban is an infringement on their rights and/or evidence or doctors who state that there is no harm in second-hand smoke.
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sergio haroFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:56 PM
With every form of entertainment there is a fair share of violence related controversy that comes with it. Many kinds of mediums have been attacked and accused over the years of directly contributing with the faults of society such as murder, rape, and in general violent behavior. A popular target of these attacks has been on the movie entertainment industry. Granted that there are thousands of violent movies that are bloodbaths of gore and endless massacres, an hour and 30 minutes of these movies can in no way transform you into a heartless killer. What a person sees on the big screen could never have an effect as drastic as corrupting who he is. People sometimes forget that a movie is just a set of moving pictures that hold no more danger than the shadows of the furniture in your room.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 11:02 PM
Working Thesis:
Many states have become aware of the dangers of driving distractors ,however the laws should be implemented nation wide because there has been an increase in deaths due to driving distractors such as eating, putting on makeup, and using any hand held device.

Evidence:
"So-called distracted driving crashes claimed 5,474 lives and led to 448,000 injuries across the country last year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [NHTSA]."
"IT'S NOT JUST THE TEXTERS." Tampa Bay Times [St. Petersburg, FL] 4 Jan. 2013: 20. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.

This statistic is from research that shows how in general driving distractors have caused an
impact from injuries to death relating back to the reason why all driving distractors should be banned.

"Obviously texting while driving is dangerous and should be banned. We shouldn't stop there, though - all distracted driving should be banned. Today while driving down East Bay Drive, I saw a white SUV swerving out of its lane. As I passed, I expected to see the driver texting; instead I saw a woman looking in her rearview mirror putting on her mascara."
Mayerowitz, Scott, and Lisa Stark. "Cell Phone Use and Texting Account for Many Traffic Fatalities." Distracted Driving. Ed. Stefan Kiesbye. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from "One in Six Highway Deaths Tied to Distracted Driving." ABCNews.com 20 Sept. 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 6 Feb. 2013

This shows how driving distractors are not only cell phones but are also other activities done while driving which cause us to loose focus on the road.

I will need to find more evidence of statistics that show the states that do implement laws on driving distractors and in which states the laws have worked efficiently.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 11:11 PM
Pro:
Declaring English the official language is essential and beneficial for the U.S. government and its citizens. Official English unites Americans, who speak more than 322 languages (2000, U.S. Census), by providing a common means of communication; it encourages immigrants to learn English in order to use government services and participate in the democratic process; and it defines a much-needed common sense language policy.
Official English promotes unity. This long tradition of assimilation has always included the adoption of English as the common means of communication. Unfortunately, the proliferation of multilingual government sends the opposite message to non-English speakers: it is not necessary to learn English because the government will accommodate them in other languages. A study published by the U.S. Department of Labor found that immigrants are slower to learn English when they receive a lot of native language support. (Monthly Labor Review, December 1992.) Thus, multilingual government services actually encourage the growth of linguistic enclaves. This division of the United States into separate language groups contributes to racial and ethnic conflicts. Designating English as the official language will help reverse this harmful process.
Official English empowers immigrants. Immigrants will benefit from the elevation of English to official status. Instead of the mixed message government sends by making it possible to file tax returns, vote, become U.S. citizens and receive a host of other services in a variety of languages, immigrants will understand that they must know English to fully participate in the process of government. Providing multi-lingual services creates dependence on "linguistic welfare." Life without English proficiency in the United States is a life of low-skilled, low-paying jobs. Studies of Census data show that an immigrant's income rises about 30% as a result of learning English. Knowledge of English leads to the realization of the American dream of increased economic opportunity and the ability to become a more productive member of society, which benefits everyone.

"Official English." U.S. English. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2013.

Con:
Those opposed to official English legislation view it as a veiled
attempt to promote racism and bigotry, rather than an attempt to unify
a country. They argue that English-only legislation creates a negative
image of non-English speakers, and increases intolerance and hostility
toward cultural diversity. Official English legislation, in their view, is
unnecessary, for immigrants already realize the importance of speaking
English in order to obtain a job and receive vital services.In
addition, opponents argue that official English legislation infringes on
the First Amendment right to free speech, the right to vote, the right to
due process, and the ability of children to receive quality education.

Michael DiChiara, A Modern Day Myth: The Necessity of English as the Official Language, 17 B.C. Third

Working Thesis:
Making English the official language of the United States has been debated for many years. Many believe that it is essential in order to keep the people united, but the U.S. is only contradicting itself since the amendments state otherwise. Having one language will take away from democracy and how the U.S. was built upon.
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Aaliyah BrownFebruary 7, 2013 at 11:28 PM
Con:
"If you start cramming more and more people into a confined space, you're going to create more tensions and problems," said the GAO's Director of Homeland Security and Justice David Maurer. "It creates the possibility that someone's going to snap and have a violent incident.Some of this sounds small and trivial,Maurer told The Huffington Post, but it adds up.Once they get frustrated enough, we're looking at another riot. And that's what scares me''

The prisoners are already confined for a period of time even life, why put them in a situation where they have to do bad things in prison. Overcrowding cause anger and frustration, you already have to see four walls everyday , all day . The last thing anybody would want is to have to share it crammed with other people.

McLaughlin, Michael. "Overcrowding In Federal Prisons Harms Inmates, Guards: GAO Report." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 14 Sept. 2012. Web. 08 Feb. 2013.
.

Pro:
Pro-imprisonment polices have been attributed to four factors. First is an increased public fear of crime. (Note the difference between increased fear and increased crime. Fear can rise even when crime itself does not.) A second factor is disillusionment with the criminal justice system. If people loose faith in the ability of the police and courts to protect them, they will support tougher sentencing laws. The third factor is the increased belief that prisoners cannot be rehabilitated. This belief is based on questionable science, but it lends itself to hopelessness and tougher sentences. The final factor is related: the growing strength of retributive philosophies of punishment.

The justice system will not loose the people faith but rather be making better decision on how to spend the government money with prisoner and how much to spend.

"Prison Fellowship International." Prison Fellowship International. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2013.
.

Working Thesis: Overcrowded prisons are plaguing the United States of America. We have our tax payers suffering and more prisoners bring more money the government must put out. The government must start making better choices for the stability of the prisons and alternatives for the prisoners.

I still need to look up more information about the prison , the government and how the money is spent because right now I am just only touching the surface of the issue .
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Joe GonzalezFebruary 7, 2013 at 11:29 PM
Pros:

"The advancement of technology has broken down geographical barriers for communication. The Internet has had an unimaginable impact on near instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging"

"Censoring the Internet." Bar & Bench 11 Jan. 2012. Criminal Justice Collection. Web. 6 Feb. 2013.

"The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, provides that:
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."

"Censoring the Internet." Bar & Bench 11 Jan. 2012. Criminal Justice Collection. Web. 6 Feb. 2013.

"Investors can stop investing in online platforms like YouTube or Facebook. In a survey conducted by Booz & Company in the US, the participating angel investors and venture capitalists said they will not invest in digital content intermediaries (DCIs) because acts like SOPA/PIPA can be used to sue or fine websites for using pirated digital content uploaded or posted by users. DCIs are the companies that provide search, hosting, and distribution services for digital content such as YouTube, Facebook, SoundCloud, eBay, etc."

"The Threat of Internet Censorship." PC Quest 31 Dec. 2012. General OneFile. Web. 4 Feb. 2013.

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Joe GonzalezFebruary 7, 2013 at 11:30 PM
Cons + Rebuttals. . . (Important questions to keep in mind)

What about children? Won't children be exposed to pornography and other things unsuitable?
This is the parents responsibility, not the governments. Technology has made children filters and what not to prevent children from going to into wrong websites. Adults aren't children we do not need filters.

"Which leads to a final theme ... the intellectual freedom interests of young people themselves. This is a concept too often impatiently dismissed by child protectionists. Minors are thought sufficiently mature or socialized to understand and resist the ideas that a majority of adults think are not good for them—or, as one federal court put it, youngsters' access to speech must be restricted lest they "get lost in the marketplace of ideas." But is this really the best way to prepare youngsters for adult life in a democratic society? The simultaneous titillation, anxiety, and confusion spawned by forbidden speech zones may do more harm than good."

Heins, Marjorie. "Children Should Not Always Be Protected from Online Pornography." Not in Front of the Children: "Indecency" Censorship, and the Innocence of Youth. Rutgers University Press, 2007. Rpt. in Online Pornography. Ed. Emma Carlson Berne. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints

What about piracy?

Stop Online Piracy Act
“To promote prosperity, creativity, entrepreneurship, and innovation by combating the theft of U.S. property, and for other purposes.”

Protect IP Act

“Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act of 2011”

Anonymous: hacker group, relentless hacking and conversion of internet in battlefield. Constant fight for rights. Creating more problems than solutions. (Need to expand here)

Needs for Information:

Including China and how their internet censorship doesn't really work. Basically, if you CAN technically censor the internet but you can never censor every single book, mind, or world contact unless you turn into a mock North Korea, in which the world will always have a negative reception towards you.
I had a quote BUT I cannot find it anymore. . . Redacted? Haha! Not in this country.

Possible Thesis:
The internet is an amazing source for information. Anything can be found in the internet and yet, it continues to grow. Internet censorship, at first glance can seem like a good solution to protecting children and intellectual property. However it is difficult to tell when censorship has gone too far. The reasons why internet censorship should not go on greatly outweighs the benefits.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 11:48 PM
“More detailed assessments of the "Innocents List" have shown that it radically overstates the number of innocent people who have been on death row…it is arguable that at least 68 of the 102 defendants on the List should not be on the list at all—leaving only 34 released defendants with claims of actual innocence—less than ½ of 1% of the 6,930 defendants sentenced to death between 1973 and 2000.”
Statement supporting the use of the death penalty by John McAdams, Professor of Political Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, February 1, 2006." Capital Punishment: Cruel and Unusual?. Kim Masters Evans. 2010 ed. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Information Plus Reference Series. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2013.
This evidence supports my stance because many people who are against the death penalty claim that the lives of many innocent people are taken. This demonstrates that the amount of people who are accounted for should not be on the list to start off with.

During its 2002 session the Human Rights Council, in Resolution 2002/77 , asked countries with the death penalty "to ensure that ... the death penalty is not imposed for non-violent acts such as financial crimes, non-violent religious practice or expression of conscience and sexual relations between consenting adults.
"Capital Punishment around the World." Capital Punishment: Cruel and Unusual?. Kim Masters Evans. 2008 ed. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Information Plus Reference Series. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 5 Feb. 2013.
This piece of evidence supports my argument because in order for a person to receive the death penalty they must commit the highest levels of a crime. Therefore, this contradicts the argument that the death penalty violates the “cruel and unusual” punishment clause.

Support for the death penalty generally remains high among voters--and may have even intensified over the past two decades. A 2011 Gallup poll found that only 27 percent of Americans think that executions are immoral--down from 41 percent in 1991.
According to the Pew Research Center, the death penalty is endorsed by 77 percent of white evangelicals, 73 percent of white mainliners, 40 percent of black Protestants and 59 percent of Roman Catholics.
DeConto, Jesse James. "Motion to repeal: against the death penalty." The Christian Century 130.2 (2013): 12+. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 5 Feb. 2013.
This supports my argument because the poll demonstrates that a majority of Americans support the death penalty. Since the United States uses a representative democracy it is the duty of the government to listen to what majority of the population requests.

Payne v. Tennessee (1991), the Court overruled earlier cases and held that "victim impact" evidence relating to the personal characteristics of the victim and the emotional impact of the crime on the victim's family is admissible despite the fact that it sheds no light on the question of guilt or innocence or on the moral culpability of the defendant, and thus serves no purpose other than to encourage jurors to make life or death decisions on the basis of emotion rather than reason.
Stevens, John Paul. "The Death Penalty Violates the Constitution of the United States." The Ethics of Capital Punishment. Ed. Christine Watkins. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2013.
This evidence serves as a counterargument because the way that the justice system is formed does not allow for the fair trial of a citizen. Therefore, increasing the likelihood of an innocent person being convicted for a crime they did not commit simply because the jury was persuaded by emotions.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 11:49 PM
“There are 1,371 blacks on death row (42% of the total death row population) despite the fact that blacks only make up 12% of the U.S. population. Indeed, blacks are 40% more likely to be sentenced to death than a white defendant who has committed the same crime. Class and wealth are also a factor in who receives the death penalty. In fact, almost all death row inmates could not afford their own attorney at trial and there is a significant disparity in wealth between murderers who live and those who are executed.”
Whitehead, John W. "The Death Penalty Should Be Abolished." Criminal Justice. Ed. Noël Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "The Death Penalty Is a Miscarriage of Justice: It Should Be Abolished." www.rutherford.org. 2011. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2013.
This quote serves as a counterargument because it demonstrates how the death penalty is racially and economically biased. Hence, one could conclude that if the death penalty is kept, then minorities will continue to be targeted for simply not belonging to the correct race or economic class.

“One of the authors of the Emory study (Joanna Shepherd) found in a separate study that while the death penalty deterred murder in six states, it actually increased murder in 13 states and had no effect on the murder rate in eight states. Other studies have found that the death penalty has a "brutalization effect," increasing the number of murders.”
Collins, Jeremy J. "The Death Penalty Has Not Been Proven to Deter Murder." The Ethics of Capital Punishment. Ed. Christine Watkins. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. At Issue. Rpt. from "Death Penalty No Deterrent to Murder." Carrboro Citizen 19 July 2007. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2013.
This point also serves as a counterargument because it demonstrates how in contrary to popular belief the death penalty does not reduce crime, but instead increases it. Hence, having the opposite affect that it was meant to.
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The total cost to build a maximum-security prison cell is $63,000, which breaks down to approximately $5,000 a year in principal and interest. The annual cost to maintain an inmate in this cell is approximately $20,000 a year. Together, these costs mean an annual expenditure of $25,000 to incarcerate an inmate. Based on a sentence term of 40 to 45 years, one inmate would cost the taxpayer only slightly more than $1 million—less than a third of what it would take to pay for the process that culminates in execution.
"Capital Punishment." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed. Shirelle Phelps and Jeffrey Lehman. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 237-242. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 5 Feb. 2013.
This is also another counterargument to my stance because it illuminates the financial burden that allowing the death penalty to continue would have on the tax payers in comparison to sentencing someone to life in prison without parole.

After the Supreme Court reinstated capital punishment in 1976, the execution rate reached a peak of 98 executions in 1999. Since then, the trend has been downward--attributed in part to some high-profile cases in which death row inmates have been found innocent after DNA testing.
"Use of death penalty grows rarer in U.S." The Christian Century 130.2 (2013): 16.Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 5 Feb. 2013.
This serves as a counterargument because since the use of the death penalty is steadily decreasing, then there would no longer be a use for it anymore. Also, it supports the idea the belief that innocent people are being put on death row.
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UnknownFebruary 7, 2013 at 11:50 PM
Tentative Thesis:
In a society where law prevails above all, the government has developed appropriate consequences for all offences. However, the killing of a prisoner has not only brought about issues of moral, but of many other spectrums. Despite many objections, the death penalty provides the federal system the ultimate punishment for those who have disregarded the law.
Extra research: The type of information that I will need to look up more on are the ones that prove that the death penalty decreases crime. Also, in order to add pathos to my argument, I want to find personal accounts of people who have had experience with the death penalty and received closure from it. For example, someone whose attacker was punished with the death penalty. Lastly,
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carlos ruvalcabaFebruary 7, 2013 at 11:55 PM
precarious from years or racism and oppression. When weighing the pros and cons of the issue of racial profiling, one must consider and individuals civil rights

The cons for racial profiling seem to be far greater than the pros for racial profiling. Racial profiling is based on the assumption

"Pros And Cons Of Racial Profiling Essays and Term Papers." Pros And Cons Of Racial Profiling Free Essays 1. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2013.

working thesis: in the united states of america the issue about racial profiling flew through the roof when the usa had to face a terrible terrorists attack on 9/11. racial profiling is major cause for racism and stereotype police officers. the fact that for your own safety you somewhat have to racial profile someone to make sure you l do not let your guard down, so i believe in some essence it is reasonable to racially profile someone.

i need to find more evidence on someone whos been racially profiled but agrees with this issue....

the other evidence has helped me see the over in general idea of both sides of the story.
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sergio haroFebruary 8, 2013 at 12:03 AM
Con
“Research repeatedly demonstrates that, for children, exposure to violent video games, movies and television programs is a risk factor for becoming desensitized to violence, lack of sympathy for victims and aggressive behavior. Proponents for allowing purveyors of violent media unfettered access to children dismiss the research because it is correlational and not causal.”

-I admit there may be some evidence of violent movies having an effect on children which ultimately can affect society when they get to an older age. If children are desensitized they are less sympathetic to those around them. An unsympathetic person wouldn’t give a hand in helping out others as well as the less fortunate. A cry for help would more likely be ignored which doesn’t necessarily contribute to violent crimes but it doesn’t help stop them as well. The effects of movies have on children had a lot in common with the effects of growing up. Naturally as we grow we tend to be more aggressive and show less of our emotions. One would argue society itself play more of a role in these effects than movies do.

“In Oldboy, for example, the Korean film that has been most often cited as having influenced the Virginia Tech shooter, there is not all that much violence, and very little of what there is involves gunplay. In the two most gruesome scenes, when a man pulls teeth with a claw hammer or, later, cuts off his own tongue with a pair of scissors, the camera cuts away after giving us only a taste of the gore. Neither "violence" nor its techniques is what the murderer could conceivably have learned from this movie. But neither can it be merely coincidental that it is an appeal to, and is itself positively drenched in, self-pity—which seems much more likely to have been instrumental in motivating a morose loner with a grudge against the world and a conceit of himself as some kind of artist to turn his violent fantasies into reality.”

There is no doubt that a mentally unstable person who suffers from depression and other issues would be influenced by such a thing as a movie. At a sensitive condition such as that everything around them could have a deep influence. If an unbalanced person is affected by a movie the fault should be placed on nobody, let alone the movie. There are many forms of media that let one immerse themselves in fantasy, to blame one form a media would be to blame all of them. Instead of trying to ban a violent movie the main concern should be in helping people who seem mentally unwell. The “morose loner” is a kind of person we see every day yet we ignore until one day they do something worthy of our attention, unfortunately it’s usually a violent act.
Pro

Finally, despite their tender age, children regularly demonstrate sophisticated interpretive skills pertaining to media, violence, and social attitudes and behaviors. Determining whether or not they are desensitized to violence is important work, but the majorities of children who are exposed to media violence do not act out or mimic what they see. Let's try to learn a bit more from and about them before imposing restrictive policies.

-People tend to underestimate the mind of a young adult and believe that the protection they must enforce is badly needed. We do not know enough about the minds of young ones to proclaim that movies are a danger to them. If children are truly mimicking everything they see than a parent really hasn’t spent enough time with their child for them to be able to distinguish reality from fantasy. If children are left alone to watch what they wish than the parents has more responsibility in this than the movie industry does.

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UnknownFebruary 8, 2013 at 12:45 AM
Boy Scouts Anti Gay Policy
Pro:
Boy Scouts of America et al. v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640 (2000), was a case of the Supreme Court of the United States decided on June 28, 2000, that held that the constitutional right to freedom of association allows a private organization like the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) to exclude a person from membership when "the presence of that person affects in a significant way the group's ability to advocate public or private viewpoints." In a five to four decision, the Supreme Court ruled that opposition to homosexuality is part of BSA's "expressive message" and that allowing homosexuals as adult leaders would interfere with that message. -Court Ruling

Scouting was founded on a Christian based agenda of instilling morals and ethics to boys and girls to prepare them for adulthood. By admitting openly gay people it does just the opposite. -Boy Scout Parent

Con:
"Gays and lesbians should have access and opportunity, the same way everybody else does in every institution and walk of life. The Scouts are a great institution that are promoting young people and exposing them to opportunities and leadership that will serve people for the rest of their lives and I don't think anyone should be barred for that" - President Obama

I still need to research facts, in regards to how many children have been banned admissions to the Boy Scouts and also I need to see the outcome of the decision the Boy Scouts are trying to make in terms of banning gays.

Thesis:
Over the years, gay fathers have been forced to stop participating in their sons’ troop activities, gay scouts have been kicked out of the organization, and gay troop leaders have been forced to retire. The Boy Scouts of America has been around since 1910. As a nation, we are evolving. The Boy Scouts need to catch up with the rest of America and prohibit the discrimination based on sexual orientation.
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sergio haroFebruary 8, 2013 at 1:14 AM
your thesis is really great, you mentioned both the men and the boys who have been discriminated. for a con it would be helpful if you could find a source from the boyscout organization themselves justifying their policy.
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JocelynFebruary 8, 2013 at 6:17 AM
Pro

In this country, the Supreme Court recognized in Washington v. Glucksberg that patients have a "constitutionally protected right to refuse lifesaving hydration and nutrition." The right to withdraw from treatment is considered no different from the right to forgo treatment in the first place.
Hendin, Herbert. "The practice of euthanasia." The Hastings Center Report July-Aug. 2003: 44+. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 8 Feb. 2013.

In the United States the debate over euthanasia distinguishes between active and passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia, also called voluntary active euthanasia involves the hastening of death through the administration of lethal drugs, as requested by the patient or another competent individual who represents the patient's wishes.
Suicide, Euthanasia, and Physician-Assisted Suicide." Death and Dying: End-of-Life Controversies. Sandra M. Alters. 2010 ed. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Information Plus Reference Series. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 8 Feb. 2013.

Con
By contrast, passive euthanasia involves forgoing medical treatment, knowing that such a decision will result in death. This action is not considered illegal because the underlying illness, which is permitted to run its natural course, will ultimately cause death. It is generally accepted in the United States that terminally ill individuals have a right to refuse medical treatment, as do those who are sick but not terminally ill. However, some people think that allowing patients to forgo medical treatment is a practice tantamount to enabling suicide and is therefore morally reprehensible.
Suicide, Euthanasia, and Physician-Assisted Suicide." Death and Dying: End-of-Life Controversies. Sandra M. Alters. 2010 ed. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Information Plus Reference Series. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 8 Feb. 2013

Working Thesis:
Euthanasia is a compassionate way to bring an end to the life of an individual. Euthanasia has become a problem in the world due to many disagreeing with this practice and others thinking its the way to end a patient's agony.
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UnknownFebruary 8, 2013 at 11:07 AM
Cons:
The trend toward facility closures and the reduction in the number of youth in secure confinement is promising. States can achieve the best results for budgets, public safety, and youth by considering the factors below as they downsize juvenile facility populations. Treat youth appropriately. Downsizing is an opportunity to utilize and develop programming that is the most effective for youth and public safety and financially sensible for states and communities. The adult criminal system is not designed for youth in conflict with the law, and it is not adequately equipped to serve such youth successfully.
Ex: Although youth commit terrible crimes, youth should not be trial as adults, they are two separate systems. The positive outcome will lead to better success because if facilities close down then the money saved from this action can create many youth center to prevent youth from making bad choices.
The juvenile prison system can help kids turn their lives around; rehabilitation gives kids a second chance. Successful rehabilitation, many argue, is better for society in the long run than releasing someone who's spent their entire young adult life in general prison population. A young person released from juvenile prison is far less likely to commit a crime than someone coming out of an adult facility. Children don't have the intellectual or moral capacity to understand the consequences of their actions; similarly, they lack the same capacity to be trial defendants
Ex: Juveniles are not ready to be trialed as adults because an adolescent brain is not fully developed. Their reasoning is not fully developed. They are also more likely to come out as violent career criminals in the future. The exposure to the prison system of adults can affect the mentality of a juvenile because they will see things they never seen before. The prisons are harsher and people in there are people who committed seriousness crime and have a mental issue too.
Pro:
“Kent Scheidegger said the vast majority of teenagers, even young ones, know enough to be tried in adult court. The notion that teenager are not capable of understanding what is going on I find not credible in the case of mentally normal teenagers.”
Ex: This suggest that teenager use the excuse of “not understanding what going on” when they trial in court. When teenage commit a crime they are aware of the consequences they will face. Every action has a consequence and teenager tend to ignore it.
“Tried as an adult, Thomas A. Preciado was 14 when he stabbed to death a minimart clerk”.
Ex: This shows how teenager can be a danger to society. Teenagers tend to do anything they want and they do not even care of the consequence they will face. They are in a phase were they believe they are unstoppable. This innocent clerk was stabled to death for unknown reasons and his family is in grief for their loss.
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UnknownFebruary 8, 2013 at 11:09 AM
Thesis:
200,000 juveniles each year are tried as adults. United State Supreme Court also agreed to consider the constitutionality of the juvenile death penalty. Should juvenile offender be tried adults and be sentence to death penalty. People argue that Juvenal are incompetent to stand trial because they are not able to contribute to their own defense and their own brain is not fully develop. However, should that be accepted as evidence to not trial juvenile as adults because they are not adults yet, both comited the same crime. Should it be an excuse to their violent or homicidal behavior. On the contrary other people argue that politican and prosecutor should press hard line against juvenile offenders. They are becoming more violent and out of control.
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AP Lang/ American Lit

Thursday, February 7, 2013

Research Post 3 2/6/13

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